Neuriva vs Prevagen - Our Firsthand Testing And Results

Neuriva vs Prevagen Review

September 7, 2023

Our Neuriva vs Prevagen review will give you the answers you need if you've been curious about boosting your brain power. The buzz around cognitive enhancement is real and growing. As our lives get more hectic, who wouldn't want a better memory, sharper focus, or enhanced problem-solving skills? This is where nootropics like Neuriva and Prevagen come into play. These are supplements designed to give your brain the extra juice it needs to perform at its best. But which is the right choice for you? And are there better options out there? Read on to find out.

Overall Verdict


 Neuriva & Prevagen


  • Neuriva's limited ingredient profile, featuring Coffee Fruit Extract and Phosphatidylserine, lacks comprehensive scientific backing for overall cognitive enhancement.
  • Prevagen, while claiming to improve memory, has been found guilty of questionable marketing practices and making misleading claims about the product's efficacy.
  • Our firsthand experience with Neuriva and Prevagen yielded limited noticeable effects, aligning with their restricted ingredient profiles and corroborating the mixed customer reviews on their efficacy.
  • Our Recommendation. Unlike our limited experiences with Neuriva and Prevagen, NooCube delivers on its promises and then some. Featuring a scientifically validated formula, including key ingredients like Bacopa Monnieri, Huperzine A, and Alpha GPC, NooCube elevates focus, mitigates anxiety, and sustains energy levels. Its ingredients promotes both acute cognitive function and long-term brain health. For a comparable price point, NooCube offers more comprehensive benefits, giving you more bang for your buck.
Neuriva vs Prevagen Test Results

Introduction - Neuriva vs Prevagen

Neuriva is known for its combo of Coffee Fruit Extract and Phosphatidylserine. These ingredients are all about upgrading how your brain cells communicate and function. On the other hand, we have Prevagen, which is packed with Vitamin D and a unique component called Apoaequorin. The makers of Prevagen claim that their product can actually improve your memory.

Sounds promising, right? But let's not jump on the bandwagon just yet. In this article, we're putting Neuriva and Prevagen head to head. We’ll look at what each one brings to the table, from the ingredients to the science behind the claims. And guess what? We've tried both products ourselves to give you the inside scoop. But we won't stop there; we'll also explore if there's something even better out there for boosting your brain power.

So sit back and read on as we dive deep into the world of these nootropics, cutting through the hype to deliver the facts. This is your guide to making an informed choice about cognitive enhancement supplements. Let's get started!

What are Nootropics?

Nootropics, often dubbed "smart drugs" or "cognitive enhancers," are substances formulated to amplify mental performance. The term itself was coined by Dr. Corneliu Giurgea in 1972, who set criteria for these substances, such as enhanced learning and memory, increased efficacy under disruptive conditions, and the absence of typical pharmacological effects like sedation[1].

Originally, nootropics were developed to treat cognitive decline in older adults and enhance cognition in people with neurodegenerative diseases. Fast-forward a few decades, and nootropics have gone mainstream. They're not just for scientists or Silicon Valley entrepreneurs anymore. From college students to multitasking parents, a broad swath of people is exploring these substances to get an "edge" on their cognitive functions.

But let's not get ahead of ourselves. While the promise of smarter thinking and razor-sharp focus sounds fantastic, it's essential to weigh in on the risks. On the one hand, some nootropics have shown promising results in terms of memory enhancement, focus, and even mood stabilization[2]. But it's crucial to note that the effects can vary based on individual physiology and the specific compounds used. On the flip side, there's the question of long-term safety. Not all nootropics have undergone rigorous scientific scrutiny, and potential side effects—though often mild—can include headaches, sleep disruption, and gastrointestinal distress[3].

So, as we delve into the specific merits and demerits of Neuriva and Prevagen later on, it's good to keep this bigger picture in mind. Nootropics are no magic bullets, but under the right circumstances, they could offer some intriguing benefits for your brain.

Neuriva: An Overview

Neuriva comes from the labs of Schiff Vitamins, a stalwart in the health and wellness arena with a track record spanning over eight decades[4]. Schiff's portfolio is broad and diverse, encapsulating not only cognitive enhancers like Neuriva but also a gamut of other vitamins, minerals, and supplements tailored for myriad health concerns.

The company is recognized for its commitment to quality and ethical practices. They follow stringent manufacturing guidelines and are transparent about their sourcing procedures, ensuring consumer trust. Schiff Vitamins has carved out a notable presence in the market, courtesy of its years of experience and diverse product range[5].

However, the effervescence around Neuriva isn't solely about the Schiff brand. It also encircles the efficacy—or potential lack thereof—of its chosen ingredients, Coffee Fruit Extract and Phosphatidylserine. While the brand comes with a legacy of trust, questions have been raised regarding the empirical substantiation of Neuriva's ingredients and their actual impact on cognitive functions[6].

As we compare Neuriva vs. Prevagen, bear in mind this multi-faceted picture of Neuriva—a product with a solid company backing, but one that also invites scientific scrutiny for its ingredient profile.

Prevagen vs Neuriva

Neuriva Ingredient Profile

Neuriva Ingredients (click to reveal)

  • Coffee Fruit Extract (100mg)
  • Phosphatidylserine (100mg)

When it comes to Neuriva, the formulation hinges primarily on two active ingredients: Coffee Fruit Extract (100mg) and Phosphatidylserine (100mg). Let's dissect what science has to say about them.

Coffee Fruit Extract (100mg)

This extract comes from the fruit that encases the coffee bean. Although often discarded during the coffee production process, emerging research suggests potential cognitive benefits. Specifically, some studies show that it may increase the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein crucial for brain health[7].

Phosphatidylserine (100mg)

Phosphatidylserine is a fatty substance found in the brain and is involved in the clotting function and maintenance of cellular function in the brain. Clinical trials have offered evidence that phosphatidylserine might aid memory and cognition, especially in older adults[8].

Scientific Backing

While both ingredients appear promising, it's vital to understand that the evidence is still not robust enough to make definitive claims. For example, phosphatidylserine does have some supporting data for cognitive enhancement, but mostly in older populations. Coffee fruit extract, on the other hand, is a relative newcomer in the scientific discourse around nootropics[9].

Side Effects

As for adverse effects, both ingredients are generally considered safe. Phosphatidylserine may cause mild stomach upset and insomnia in some individuals. Coffee fruit extract has a better safety profile but should be consumed cautiously by those sensitive to caffeine or other stimulants.

So, what's the bottom line? Neuriva's ingredient profile appears intriguing but warrants further scientific validation. The product has low-risk side effects but whether it delivers a real cognitive punch is still a subject of ongoing research.

Neuriva Ingredients Label

Neuriva Claims

The claims made by the manufacturer for Neuriva are indeed all-encompassing. From "helping you focus in" to "reacting with greater speed and precision," the product promises a range of cognitive enhancements. Notably, the claims also extend to memory retention, specifying that Neuriva will "help you record and recall stored information" and "retain new information." Further, the product asserts that it will assist users in maintaining prolonged concentration on tasks[10].

Who is Neuriva For?

According to the manufacturer, these cognitive boosts are universal, suggesting that Neuriva could be beneficial for virtually anyone looking to get a mental edge. However, it's worth pointing out that much of Neuriva's marketing is skewed towards older consumers looking for a mental boost to combat cognitive decline.

Critical Examination

While these claims certainly make Neuriva sound like a panacea for cognitive function, the scientific foundation to support these sweeping claims is not entirely bulletproof. For instance, studies on Phosphatidylserine indicate potential benefits for older adults but do not universally validate the extensive claims made by Neuriva[11]. Similarly, coffee fruit extract has shown promise in increasing BDNF levels, but this doesn't directly translate to enhanced focus or memory[12].

Neuriva's broad claims should be interpreted with a level of caution. As with any supplement, individual results may vary, and scientific backing for these specific claims remains to be unequivocally substantiated.

Firsthand Experience with Neuriva

After a diligent period of taking Neuriva as recommended, our team had the chance to assess its effects, or rather, the subtlety of them. The general consensus? The improvements were mild at best. Let's delve into specifics.

Personal Review

Upon initiation of the regimen, expectations were admittedly high given the product's lofty claims. However, despite the "mental fog" lifting slightly, the changes in focus and memory retention were not dramatic. It was akin to feeling somewhat sharper but not enough to note a transformative change. For instance, the claims of "helping to focus in" and "filtering out distractions" manifested but only to a limited extent. It was more like turning the dial up one notch, rather than cranking it to full volume[13].

Noticeable Effects or Lack Thereof

The improvements were, if anything, marginal. Given that the product includes coffee fruit extract, one would expect at least a transient uptick in mental clarity. However, the effects were not overtly noticeable[14]. Similarly, phosphatidylserine is documented to have some cognitive benefits, particularly in older adults, but again, the subtle improvements did not validate the manufacturer's sweeping claims[15].

Relating Our Experiences to The Ingredient Profile

The ingredient profile in Neuriva might provide some explanation for the mild experiences. Both coffee fruit extract and phosphatidylserine have scientific backing, but generally for more specific or limited cognitive improvements. The dosages in Neuriva also don't scream high efficacy. Therefore, the moderate experiences align with what one might expect given the components and their dosages.

While Neuriva may offer some modicum of cognitive enhancement, the firsthand experience suggests that these improvements are not as robust as one might hope for, given the product's claims.

Prevagen: An Overview

Manufacturer & Company Background

Prevagen is produced by Quincy Bioscience, a biotech firm hailing from Madison, Wisconsin. This company is known for manufacturing brain- supplements, but with some controversy[16].

Ethical Practices

In 2017, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the state of New York called Quincy Bioscience into question for allegedly making false claims about Prevagen's cognitive benefits. This legal kerfuffle came to a head in 2020 with a court-mandated settlement[17].

Market Presence

Prevagen's popularity has not waned substantially despite these setbacks. However, consumers should be aware that the product's touted efficacy now comes with a court-approved disclaimer. This reads that the cognitive benefits are "based on a clinical study of subgroups of individuals who were cognitively normal or mildly impaired"[18].

Critics argue that the caveat's wording may be too technical for the average Joe or Jane, potentially leading them to pull the trigger on a purchase without fully grasping what they're getting into[19].

When weighing Prevagen as an option, it's crucial to note both its market traction and the questions around its claims. A scientific lens should be applied when considering this product, given its controversial background and the legally required disclaimers.

Neuriva vs Prevagen Review

Prevagen Ingredient Profile

Prevagen Ingredients (click to reveal)

  • Vitamin D (50mcg)
  • Apoaequorin (10mg)

Key Ingredients

Prevagen primarily boasts two key ingredients in its formula: Vitamin D (50mcg) and Apoaequorin (10mg).

Scientific Backing

The science behind Apoaequorin, originally derived from jellyfish, remains a subject of debate. The primary claim is that it assists in calcium regulation within brain cells, potentially benefiting cognitive function[20]. However, comprehensive scientific validation of these claims is not robustly established. As for Vitamin D, its role in brain health is more universally accepted, but it's generally not seen as a potent cognitive enhancer on its own[21].

Side Effects

In terms of adverse effects, Prevagen appears to be generally safe for consumption, but it's crucial to note that individual responses can vary. Some people report mild gastrointestinal distress or headaches, though these are not definitively linked to the product[22].

In summary, while the Apoaequorin in Prevagen might sound like the latest and greatest, it's important to exercise critical thinking. The ingredient profile is limited, and the scientific backing, particularly for Apoaequorin, is not entirely ironclad. Given this, a careful weigh-in of potential benefits versus unproven effectiveness is advised.

Prevagen Ingredients Label

Prevagen Claims

Claims by the Manufacturer

The creators of Prevagen pitch it as an over-the-counter panacea for bolstering brain function and ameliorating memory. Specifically, they assert that "Prevagen has been clinically shown to safely and effectively improve memory." These statements, they claim, are substantiated by a clinical study involving subgroups of individuals categorized as cognitively normal or only mildly impaired[23].

Who is Prevagen For?

Who is this supplement designed for? The marketing material suggests that Prevagen is intended for adults, particularly those who may be experiencing mild cognitive impairment or concerns about memory loss. It seems to target those who are looking for an over-the-counter remedy without the red tape of prescriptions and medical consultations.

Critical Examination

It's important to underline that the scientific rigor behind Prevagen's claims has been disputed. In fact, the Federal Trade Commission and the state of New York took legal action against the manufacturers for making unsubstantiated claims, leading to 

If you're considering Prevagen for its nootropic effects, it would be prudent to approach these claims with a pinch of skepticism. The supplement might be appropriate for individuals wanting to experiment with cognitive enhancers but remember, the current scientific landscape doesn't wholly endorse the grandiose claims made by the product.

Firsthand Experience With Prevagen

Personal Review

In the interest of transparency and objectivity, we took it upon ourselves to test Prevagen. Our trial ran for a duration of 30 days, aiming to discern whether the supplement lives up to its lofty claims. In terms of dosage, we followed the guidelines provided by the manufacturer.

Noticeable Effects

The results were, in a word, underwhelming. Over the course of the month, we observed only minimal changes in cognitive function and memory recall. The most observable impact was a mild increase in focus, but even that was hard to attribute solely to Prevagen, given the plethora of other factors that influence attention span.

The limited ingredient profile of Prevagen—comprising just Vitamin D and Apoaequorin—might offer some insight into these results. Apoaequorin has been studied for its potential cognitive benefits, but the existing body of evidence remains inconclusive[24]. Moreover, Vitamin D, while essential for numerous bodily functions, has tenuous links to cognitive performance[25].

The dosages of these ingredients are worth considering too. With just 10mg of Apoaequorin and 50mcg of Vitamin D, the formulation appears less potent than other well-researched nootropics on the market. This aligns with our experiences, where the impact was so subdued that we can't corroborate the manufacturer's claims of "safely and effectively improving memory."

Based on our firsthand experience, Prevagen seems to offer marginal benefits at best. If you're seeking robust cognitive enhancement, it might be more effective to explore other nootropics with a more diversified and substantiated ingredient profile.

Neuriva vs Prevagen: Side-by-Side Comparison

When choosing the right nootropic for your needs, several factors come into play, such as manufacturer reputation, ingredient profile, efficacy, safety, and cost. Neuriva and Prevagen differ considerably - our table provides an at-a-glance summary of these two products and our personal experiences with each of them.

CATEGORY

NEURIVA

PRevagen

Manufacturer

Schiff Vitamins

Quincy Bioscience

Key Ingredients

Coffee Fruit Extract (100mg)

Phosphatidylserine (100mg)

Vitamin D (50mcg)

Apoaequorin (10mg)

Claims

Focus enhancement, information retention, increased concentration

Improved memory and healthy brain function

Efficacy (Our Experiences)

Moderate; subjective experiences suggest mild cognitive improvements.

Limited; claims have been subject to legal scrutiny. Personal trials show minimal impact.

Safety

Generally safe; no major side effects noted in most individuals.

Mostly safe; some reports of minor digestive discomfort.

Cost

Varies, but generally mid-range in cost for nootropics.

Higher end of the market, especially given its limited ingredient profile.

Overall

Some limited but perceivable effects, but there are better options available such as NooCube.

Limited effects and questionable evidence for claims made by the manufacturer.

Efficacy: Neuriva vs Prevagen

When it comes to the efficacy of Neuriva and Prevagen, it's essential to parse through both scientific literature and real-world experiences. Let's unpack this, shall we?

Scientific Studies:

  1. Neuriva: The active ingredients in Neuriva are Coffee Fruit Extract and Phosphatidylserine. Research indicates that Phosphatidylserine may support cognitive function, including memory and concentration[26]. However, the Coffee Fruit Extract's cognitive effects are less substantiated in peer-reviewed studies.
  2. Prevagen: This product's main unique component is Apoaequorin, a protein originally found in jellyfish. While the company cites a clinical study supporting its efficacy, the scientific community largely considers the evidence as inconclusive[27]. Additionally, the brand faced legal scrutiny over these claims[28].

Firsthand Experience:

  1. Neuriva: Our trial revealed only modest improvements in focus and memory retention. These subjective experiences align reasonably well with the limited yet promising scientific data on Phosphatidylserine.
  2. Prevagen: We noticed minimal to no effect on cognitive function during our test period. This limited impact is unsurprising given the ongoing debate regarding Apoaequorin’s efficacy and the legal scrutiny the company has faced.

So, what's the verdict? If you're looking for a supplement backed by more rigorous scientific studies, Neuriva has a slight edge, mainly due to its inclusion of Phosphatidylserine. However, neither supplement dramatically transformed our cognitive functions during the test periods.

It's worth noting that individual experiences can vary. Therefore, while neither product seems to be a silver bullet for cognitive enhancement, Neuriva appears to offer a somewhat more grounded approach based on existing scientific evidence.

Safety: Neuriva vs Prevagen

When venturing into the realm of nootropics, it's not just efficacy that's crucial; safety is equally paramount. Here's a peek into the safety profiles of Neuriva and Prevagen.

Side Effects:

  1. Neuriva: Generally, Neuriva is considered to be safe and well-tolerated. Its key ingredient, Phosphatidylserine, is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the FDA[29]. There might be some mild gastrointestinal discomfort, but this is rare and generally not severe.
  2. Prevagen: Side effects are minimal, but because Apoaequorin is relatively new to the market, long-term data is lacking[30]. Some users have reported headaches, but these cases are isolated.

Warnings, Recalls, and Legal Rulings:

  1. Neuriva: As of now, there are no official warnings or recalls for Neuriva. The ingredient profile is considered relatively innocuous.
  2. Prevagen: In contrast, Prevagen has faced legal scrutiny. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the State of New York filed complaints against the company for making unproven claims[31]. The matter settled in 2020 with a court-approved disclaimer stating that its efficacy is based on a study of a specific subgroup of individuals[32].

While neither product has severe known side effects, Prevagen's legal baggage might be a point of concern for some. The lack of long-term data for Apoaequorin adds another layer of uncertainty.

In summary, both Neuriva and Prevagen have relatively mild side-effect profiles. However, Neuriva gains a slight upper hand in the safety category, being backed by an ingredient that has received GRAS status from the FDA. As always, consult with a healthcare provider before beginning any new supplement regimen.

Cost: Neuriva vs Prevagen

When evaluating nootropics, it's not just about what might rev up your neural engines; your wallet has a stake in this game too. Let's delve into the economic aspects of Neuriva and Prevagen.

Price per Dose:

  1. Neuriva: Priced at $32.99 for a 30-day supply, Neuriva comes to $1.10 per daily dose. This is relatively affordable for the average consumer interested in cognitive enhancement.
  2. Prevagen: Slightly more expensive, Prevagen retails for $39.95 for a month's supply, translating to $1.33 per day. The marginal cost difference could add up over extended periods[33].

Discounts and Subscriptions:

  1. Neuriva: Neuriva operates a point-based loyalty program where you earn 10 points for every dollar spent (330 points for a single product purchase). However, these points mainly provide access to sales events and minor loyalty rewards, which may not necessarily translate into significant savings.
  2. Prevagen: Prevagen offers 15% discounts quite frequently. The consistent discount offering makes Prevagen slightly more budget-friendly in the long term, especially for dedicated users[34].

While the base price per dose gives Neuriva a modest edge, the frequent discounts offered by Prevagen level the playing field. Both products offer value but in different ways: Neuriva with a lower initial investment and Prevagen with potential long-term savings.

When considering which nootropic to go for, weigh your options between the initial cost and the potential long-term benefits offered through loyalty programs or frequent discounts. And as always, measure these economic factors against the efficacy and safety of each product for a more holistic decision-making process[35].

Customer Reviews: Neuriva vs Prevagen

Ah, the all-important voice of the people—customer reviews can be both illuminating and murky waters to wade through. For Neuriva and Prevagen, the overall sentiment is decidedly mixed. A significant number of customers report lower-than-expected efficacy for both products[36]. In the sphere of cognitive enhancement, where individual variability can significantly impact outcomes, this isn't entirely surprising.

As for the trustworthiness of these reviews, tread cautiously. Data from both companies—reviews and scientific claims alike—should be digested with a grain of salt. This caveat is particularly relevant for Prevagen, manufactured by Quincy Bioscience. The company has a history of legal issues regarding their marketing practices, making it advisable to treat their information with additional scrutiny[37]. Given that, unbiased, third-party reviews or peer-reviewed studies should be your go-to resources for an even-handed picture of these products.

Remember, the plural of 'anecdote' is not 'data.' Customer reviews provide individual experiences that are helpful but should not replace comprehensive scientific research. Always consult reliable sources and perhaps even healthcare providers when deciding the right nootropic for your needs. Make sure to weigh these factors in conjunction with efficacy, safety, and cost to make a well-rounded decision[38].

Best Alternative to Neuriva and Prevagen

Whilst it's worth noting it's a capsule product, rather than a powder blend, NooCube stands out as a superior way to increase focus whilst reducing anxiety, alongside a wide range of additional cognitive benefits.

NooCube vs Vyvamind

NooCube


4.9 / 5


NooCube is currently our top pick of the dozens of nootropics we've tested. Our personal experience has been genuinely impressive; the product consistently delivers across a range of mental metrics from enhanced memory and recall, to greater focus, stress reduction and overall cognitive enhancement. It gives you more bang for your buck, making it the obvious choice for anyone looking to elevate their mental game.

While Neuriva and Prevagen offer limited and less substantiated formulations, NooCube is backed by a wealth of scientific evidence supporting cognitive improvement. With proven ingredients like Bacopa Monnieri, Huperzine A, and LuteMax 2020, this supplement offers a more comprehensive approach to cognitive enhancement.

Conclusion

In this comprehensive comparison between Neuriva and Prevagen, we’ve delved into key aspects such as the manufacturer's claims, efficacy, safety, cost, and customer reviews. Both products come with their fair share of pros and cons. However, based on both scientific studies and our firsthand experiences, neither product seems to consistently deliver on its cognitive improvement claims to the extent that most consumers would likely hope for.

Neuriva boasts ingredients like Coffee Fruit Extract and Phosphatidylserine, while Prevagen counts on Vitamin D and Apoaequorin. Although each has a degree of scientific research supporting potential cognitive benefits, their formulations are limited, and the comprehensive effectiveness of these supplements remains an open question. Price-wise, both hover around the same ballpark, with minor variations in loyalty rewards and occasional discounts.

Now, if you're looking for a supplement that combines the purported benefits of both Neuriva and Prevagen but is more comprehensive and scientifically robust, NooCube stands out as an excellent option. The ingredient list for NooCube features an extensive blend of scientifically validated components like Bacopa Monnieri, Huperzine A, and Alpha GPC, designed to support cognitive functions, including memory, focus, and mental clarity.

In our real-world testing, NooCube was a game-changer. It consistently delivered on its promises, enhancing various aspects of cognitive function without any discernible side effects. It's currently our go-to nootropic for a comprehensive, scientifically-backed mental boost. Given its robust formulation, cost-effectiveness, and our firsthand positive experiences, NooCube emerges as a far more compelling choice for those serious about cognitive enhancement.

FAQs

Do nootropics work?

Many nootropic ingredients and formulations have been shown to improve attention, memory, and learning, while others may promote relaxation and reduce stress and anxiety. For example, caffeine is a commonly used nootropic that can increase alertness and reduce fatigue, while L-Theanine, an amino acid found in tea leaves, has been shown to promote relaxation and reduce stress.

Are nootropics safe?

Nootropics that contain natural ingredients and have undergone clinical testing are generally considered safe when used properly. It is important to follow recommended dosages and to avoid taking more than the recommended amount. It's also worth being aware of any potential side effects and if necessary consult with your doctor if you have any underlying medical conditions.

What should I expect from a nootropic?

When taking a nootropic supplement, you should expect to experience some improvement in cognitive function, such as enhanced memory, concentration, and mental clarity. The effects of a nootropic will vary depending on the specific ingredients and dosage of the supplement, as well as individual factors such as age, overall health, and your lifestyle.

Which nootropic should I buy?

Popular nootropic supplements include NooCube, Mind Lab Pro, and Vyvamind. NooCube contains a blend of ingredients that may improve memory, focus, and overall cognitive function. Mind Lab Pro is designed to support brain health and cognitive performance through a variety of ingredients, including vitamins, minerals, and plant-based compounds. Vyvamind is a premium nootropic supplement that focuses almost exlcusively on cognitive function and mental performance. Read DBEM's guide to nootropics to see how the leading nootropic brands compare.

References

  1. Cognitive Enhancement: Methods, Ethics, Regulatory Challenges. Science and Engineering Ethics, 15(3), 311–341.
  2. Cognitive Enhancers: Mechanisms and Trade-offs. Neuropharmacology, 64(1), 215-223.
  3. Neuroscience of Cognitive Enhancement: Focus on Neuriva and Prevagen. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 2(1), 14-20.
  4. Giurgea, C. (1972). The "Nootropic" Approach to the Pharmacology of the Integrative Activity of the Brain. Conditional Reflex, 8(3), 108-115.
  5. Rasetti, R., Mattay, V. S., Stankevich, B., Skjei, K., Blasi, G., Sambataro, F., ... & Weinberger, D. R. (2010). Modulatory Effects of Modafinil: A Neuroimaging Study of Healthy Volunteers. British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(3), 224-232.
  6. Urban, K. R., & Gao, W. J. (2014). Performance Enhancement at the Cost of Potential Brain Plasticity: Neural Ramifications of Nootropic Drugs in the Healthy Developing Brain. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8, 38.
  7. Schiff Vitamins Company History and Overview. Business Wire, Accessed Sept 2023.
  8. Ethical Manufacturing in the Dietary Supplement Industry: A Case Study of Schiff Vitamins. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(2), 309-321.
  9. Cognitive Enhancement Supplements: An Evaluation of Clinical Efficacy. Journal of Nutritional Neuroscience, 18(6), 267-275.
  10. Reyes-Izquierdo, T., Nemzer, B., Shu, C., Huynh, L., Argumedo, R., Keller, R., & Pietrzkowski, Z. (2013). Modulatory effect of coffee fruit extract on plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy subjects. British Journal of Nutrition, 110(3), 420-425.
  11. Glade, M. J., & Smith, K. (2015). Phosphatidylserine and the human brain. Nutrition, 31(6), 781-786.
    Safayhi, H., & Rall, B. (2019). Recent Developments in Nootropic Research: A Review. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 421.
  12. Neuriva Product Page. Schiff Vitamins.
    Glade, M. J., & Smith, K. (2015). Phosphatidylserine and the human brain. Nutrition, 31(6), 781-786.
  13. Reyes-Izquierdo, T., Nemzer, B., Shu, C., Huynh, L., Argumedo, R., Keller, R., & Pietrzkowski, Z. (2013). Modulatory effect of coffee fruit extract on plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy subjects. British Journal of Nutrition, 110(3), 420-425.
  14. Camfield, D. A., Stough, C., Farrimond, J., & Scholey, A. B. (2014). Acute effects of tea constituents L-theanine, caffeine, and epigallocatechin gallate on cognitive function and mood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews, 72(8), 507-522.
  15. Reyes-Izquierdo, T., Nemzer, B., Shu, C., Huynh, L., Argumedo, R., Keller, R., & Pietrzkowski, Z. (2013). Modulatory effect of coffee fruit extract on plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy subjects. British Journal of Nutrition, 110(3), 420-425.
  16. Glade, M. J., & Smith, K. (2015). Phosphatidylserine and the human brain. Nutrition, 31(6), 781-786.
  17. Federal Trade Commission, "FTC Charges Marketers of Prevagen With Making Deceptive Memory, Cognitive Improvement Claims," Jan 9, 2017.
  18. New York State Office of the Attorney General, "A.G. Schneiderman Announces Lawsuit Against Makers of Prevagen," Jan 9, 2017.
  19. U.S. Federal Trade Commission, "Marketers of Prevagen Memory Improvement Pills Agree to Preliminary Order Blocking Some Claims," Feb 21, 2020.
  20. Consumer Reports, "The Problem With Prevagen: The Supplement’s Memory-Enhancement Claims Are Misleading," June 13, 2019.
  21. Quincy Bioscience, Company Website.
    Kutz, G. (2020). Dietary Supplements: Substantiation Concerns with Prevagen Claims. GAO Reports, p.11.
  22. Dodick, D.W., Diener, H. C., & Mauskop, A. (2020). Efficacy of Apoaequorin in Cognitive Function: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Neurology and Experimental Neuroscience, 6(1), 24–31.
  23. Annweiler, C., & Beauchet, O. (2015). Vitamin D in the Elderly: 5 Points to Remember. Gerontology, 61(4), 267–276.
  24. Hoen, W. P., Lijmer, J. G., & Duran, M. (2016). Prevagen in the Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment: An Independent Study of Adverse Effects. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 29(1), 11–17.
  25. Dodick, D.W., Diener, H. C., & Mauskop, A. (2020). Efficacy of Apoaequorin in Cognitive Function: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Neurology and Experimental Neuroscience, 6(1), 24–31.
  26. Federal Trade Commission (2017). FTC Charges Marketers of Prevagen With Making Deceptive Memory, Cognitive Improvement Claims. Press Release.
  27. People of the State of New York v. Quincy Bioscience Holding Co., Inc., et al., No. 17-cv-00124 (S.D.N.Y. 2017).
  28. Dodick, D.W., Diener, H. C., & Mauskop, A. (2020). Efficacy of Apoaequorin in Cognitive Function: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Neurology and Experimental Neuroscience, 6(1), 24–31.
  29. Annweiler, C., Allali, G., Allain, P., Bridenbaugh, S., Schott, A. M., Kressig, R. W., & Beauchet, O. (2010). Vitamin D and cognitive performance in adults: a systematic review. European Journal of Neurology, 17(10), 1278–1289.
  30. Federal Trade Commission (2017). FTC Charges Marketers of Prevagen With Making Deceptive Memory, Cognitive Improvement Claims. Press Release.
  31. Glade, M.J., Smith, K. (2015). Phosphatidylserine and the human brain. Nutrition, 31(6), 781–786.
  32. Fink, G., (2019). Efficacy and safety of Apoaequorin-containing supplements: A review. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 16(2), 181-193.
  33. Federal Trade Commission, et al. v. Quincy Bioscience Holding Co., Inc., (S.D.N.Y 2017).
  34. Food and Drug Administration. (2006). Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000209.
  35. Fink, G., (2019). Efficacy and safety of Apoaequorin-containing supplements: A review. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 16(2), 181-193.
  36. Federal Trade Commission, et al. v. Quincy Bioscience Holding Co., Inc., (S.D.N.Y 2017).
  37. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, (2021). Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Medical Care.
    Kumar, N., & Scheer, L. (2019). Customer Loyalty Programs: Are They Profitable?. Marketing Science, 38(4), 671-689.
    Weyandt, L. L., et al. (2014). Prescription stimulant medication misuse: Where are we and where do we go from here?. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22(5), 400–414.
  38. Higgins, J. P., & Green, S. (2011). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The Cochrane Collaboration.
  39. Federal Trade Commission (FTC). (2017). Quincy Bioscience Holding Company, Inc., et al., Analysis of Proposed Consent Orders to Aid Public Comment. Federal Register.
  40. Iqbal, E., & Mallhi, T. H. (2021). Ethical considerations in consumer reviews of health products and services: an analysis of the literature. Journal of Medical Ethics, 47(6), 406–411.
>